Fig. 1

Depiction of how Rootrainers were set-up. a Unfolded Rootrainer. b The Rootrainers were folded in half, and a wedge (pink) stuck to each row (to compensate for the top of the Rootrainers being wider than the base and ensure a consistent angle of inclination). The cells were filled with substrate, the substrate wetted and the seeds sown. c The Rootrainers were arranged in boxes (each containing 6 rows of Rootrainers) and the boxes tilted to \(45^{o}\), by resting on a wooden stand (orange). They were positioned under the supplementary lighting. d At each time point the Rootrainers were opened and the root systems observed