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Table 2 Detailed description of partial parameter adjustment for the ensemble stacking model (n_evals = 20). For the evaluation of model performance, evaluation indicators such as accuracy, kappa, sensitivity, specificity and precision were utilized. The equations for each indicator are as follows

From: A novel approach integrating multispectral imaging and machine learning to identify seed maturity and vigor in smooth bromegrass

Models

Optimization range of partial hyperparameters

Tuned hyperparameters

RF

ntree = [1:500]; mtry = [1:500]; depth = [1:10]

ntree = 459; mtry = 7; depth = 3

SVM

cost = [0:2]; gamma = [0:2]; kernel = [‘polynomial’, ‘radial’, ‘sigmoid’]

cost = 1.79; gamma = 0.34; kernel = ‘linear’

XGBoost

booster = [‘gbtree’, ‘gbliner’, ‘dart’]; η = [0:0.5]; nrounds = [1:20, tags = ‘budget’]

booster = ‘gblinear’; η = 0.41; nrounds = 15