Fig. 1

Schematic diagrams of in vivo leaf inoculation methods used in this study. The 5–7th newly matured leaves of the 1- or 2-year-old poplar saplings were washed and then sterilized with alcohol (A), after drying, the sterilized leaves were inoculated using the square mycelium plugs on the upper leaf surface (B), then, the inoculated mycelium plugs using the household scotch tapes (C), and then, the inoculated mycelium plugs and the leaves were pierced using a needle (D), finally, removed the scotch tapes and the necrotic spots produced on the poplar leaf surface (E)