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Table 2 Statistical summary of maize growth stages in the dataset

From: PFLO: a high-throughput pose estimation model for field maize based on YOLO architecture

Growth stage

Key developmental phases

Occlusion level

Number of images

V3-V5

3–5 fully expanded leaves, initial stem development, fully visible

Minimal (0–20%)

3351

V6-V8

6–8 fully expanded leaves, stem elongation, moderately occluded

Moderate (20–40%)

3484

V9-R1

Final height, whorl appearance, tassel initiation, heavily occluded

Significant (40–60%)

2969